Dry communication roads in the Achaemenid period

Document Type : Research Paper

Author

استان لرستان- شهرستان خرم آباد- دانشگاه لرستان- گروه تاریخ

Abstract

With the formation of the Achaemenid Empire (559-331 BC) large areas with different peoples and traditions were under the command of Iran. Manage these different areas require a lot of Equipped communication roads to facilitate access to all areas of the Empire. Following the stabilization of the internal situation and to achieve this goal, Achaemenid rebuilt the foemer roads and established new ways too.Rivers and straits can be passed on with the construction of temporary and permanent bridges.They are built in this ways numerous stations for the convenience of passengers, where food, water, horses and other facilities provided to passengers because they relieve tired.In this ways military personnels were present to provide traffic safety.The main roads was known as the king's Road, was connected to each other all the capitals and important centers of the Empire.There were many secondary roads that were established connect between the other areas and  the main centers.

Keywords

Main Subjects


 .Arrian, (1966),  Anabasis  of Alexander, translated by E. Iliff Robson, The Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge (Mass.) & London.
 .------, (1966), Indica, translated by E. Illif Robson, The Loeb Classical Library, London.
 .Briant, Pierre, (1984), L’Asie centrale et les royaumes proche-orientaux du premier millénaire, (c. VIIIe-IVe siècles av. n. ère), Paris.
 .------, (1991), “De Sardes à Suse”, in: H. Sancisi-Weerdenburg & A. Kuhrt (eds.), Achaemenid History VI: Asia minor and Egypt; old cultures in a new Empire, Nederland Instituut Foor Het Nabije Oosten, Leiden, pp. 67-82.
 .Dandamayev, M. A. & Lukonin, V. G, (1989), The Culture and Social Institutions of Ancient Iran, Cambridge University Press.
 .Dillemann, Louis, (1962), Institut français d'archéologie de Beyrouth, Haute Mésopotamie orientale et pays adjacents: contribution à la géographie historique de la région, Librairie orientaliste P. Geuthner, Paris.
 .Diodorus of  Sicily, (1968), The Library of History, vol. 1-2, translation By C. H. Oldfather, The Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge (Mass.) & London.
 .Driver, G. R, (1957), Aramaic Documents of the Fifth Century B.C., Oxford.
 .Eph’al, (1986), “On Warfare and Military Control in the Ancient Near Eastern Empires: A Research Outline”, in: Tadmor, H. & Weinfeld, M. (eds.), History, Historiography and Interpretation, Jerusalem, pp. 88-106.
 .Graf, David F, (1994), “The Persian Royal Road System”, in: H. Sancisi-Weerdenburg, A. Kuhrt & M.C. Root (eds.), Achaemenid History VIII: Continuity and Change, Nederland Instituut Foor Het Nabije Oosten, Leiden, pp. 167-189.
 .Grelot, P, (1927), Documents araméens d’Égypt, (Littératures Anciennes du Proche-Orient), Paris.
 .Hallock, R. T, (1969), Persepolis Fortification Tablets, Oriental Institute Publications 92, Chicago.
 .Herodotus, (1957), The Persian Wars, translated by A. D. Godley, The Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge (Mass.) & London.
 .Imanpour, Mohammad-Taghi, (2010), “The Communication Roads in Parsa during the Achaemenid Perid”, in: Maria Macuch, Dieter Weber and Desmond Durkin-Meisterernst (eds.), Sonderdruck aus Ancient and Middle Iranian Studies, Proceedings of the 6th European Conference of Iranian Studies, held in Viena, 18-22 September 2007, Harrassowitz Verlag. Wiesbaden, pp. 87-98.
 .Kinnier-Wilson, J. V, (1972), The Nimrud Wine Lists, London.
 .Koch, H. (1982), “Hofschatzwarte” und “Schatzhäuse” in der Persis”, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie 71, pp. 232-247.
 .Levine, L. D, (1973), “Geographical Studies in the Neo-Assyrian Zagros, I”, Iran 11, pp. 1-27.
 .------ , (1974), “Geographical Studies in the Neo-Assyrian Zagros, II”, Iran 12, pp. 99-124.
 .Lewis, D. M, (1980), “Datis the Mede”, Journal of Hellenic Studies 100, pp. 194-195.
 Magie, David, (1950), Roman rule in Asia Minor to the end of the third century after Christ, vol. 2, Princeton University Press.
.Meyer, Eduard, (1939), Geschichte des Altertums
 
. (7 vol), vol. III, 2th edition, Stuttgart.
 .Oded, B, (1970), “Observations on Methods of Assyrian Rule in Transjordania after the Palestinian Campaign of Tiglath-Pileser III”, Journal of Near Eastern Society 29, pp. 177-186.
 .Polybius, (1979), The Rise of the Roman Empire, Translated by Frank W. Walbank, Ian Scott-Kilvert, Penguin Classics.
 .Quintus Qurtius Rufus (1976), History of Alexander the Great of  Macedon, translated by:  J. C. Rolfe, The Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge (Mass.) & London.
 .Stein, Aurel and Fred Henry Andrews (1940), Old Routes of Western Iran, Milan.
 .Strabon, (1966), The Geography of Strabo, translated by H. L. Jones, The Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge (Mass.) & London.
 .Stronach, David, (1978), Pasargadae: a report on the excavations conductted by the British Institute of Persian Studies from 1961 to 1963, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
 .Wiesehöfer, Josef, (1982), “Beobachtungen zum Handel des Achӓmenidenreiches”, Münstersche Beitrӓge zur Antiken Handelsgeschichte 1, pp, 5-15.
 .Xenophon, (1922), Anabasis, Translated by Carleton L. Brownson, The Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge (Mass.) & London.
 .------, (1914), Cyropaedia: The Education of Cyrus, Edited by Miller Walter, London and Cambridge, MA: William Heinemann Ltd and Harvard University Press.
 .Young, R. S, (1963), “Gordion on the Royal Road”, Proceedings  of the American Philosophical Society 107, pp. 348-364.