Historical Researches

Research Paper

Rereading the Narrative of “the Liberation of Hormuz” Based on the Historical Text in Persian

Hamid Asadpour; Aliakbar Kajbaf; Hosein Eskandari

Volume 15, Issue 1 , February 2023, Pages 1-16

https://doi.org/10.22108/jhr.2022.133280.2343

Abstract

Abstract One of the important issues of the Safavid period is their challenges with foreigners, such as the Portuguese, in the Persian Gulf. The Portuguese domination over the Persian ... Read More Abstract One of the important issues of the Safavid period is their challenges with foreigners, such as the Portuguese, in the Persian Gulf. The Portuguese domination over the Persian Gulf led to some effects regarding economic and social life in this region and destruction of free trade. The Portuguese rullling, which lasted for more than a century, finally ended during the reign of Shah Abbas I. One of the important issues in ending the Portuguese domination over these areas and especially on Hormuz Island was the British role, which has been exaggerated by some Western historians. These battles are considered the most important reason for the defeat of the Portuguese. This research was based on rereading and analysis of this premise by relying on Iranian traditions. The basic question was whether the quality and role of the government and Iranian forces in the liberation of Hormuz had been specified in important Persian texts and traditions for this battle. It seemed that the role and Iranian forces in liberating Hormuz was much greater than that of the British according to Persian historical texts and especially poems. In this research, this issue was investigated through an analytical-descriptive method. Introduction The history of the coastal and post-coastal regions of the Persian Gulf is one of the subjects which has received less attention in the sources of the Safavid period. The lack of the Safavid navy to play a role in these regions on the one hand and the absence of the Safavid kings on the other hand were two important factors. In addition, the presence of powerful enemies, such as the Uzbeks and the Ottomans, caused the sources of the Safavid era not to be much focused on the events of these regions since they dealt with the events in which the Safavid court and especially the kings had played an important role. In this period, the main focus of the Safavid court was on the eastern and western regions of Iran and the conflicts with the Uzbek and Ottomans with an attempt to repel the invasion of these two Sunni Muslim powers. The failure of the Safavid sources to address this issue caused many ambiguities to be raised about the events of the mentioned areas. One of the important issues in this field was the presence of the Portuguese and their control over the social and especially commercial affairs of the areas. The long-term rule of this colonial force was one of the reasons why Safavid historians did not deal with the issue of the Persian Gulf. This domination finally ended with the actions of Imam Qali Khan, the ruler of Fars during the time of Shah Abbas I. The British also played a role in ending the Portuguese rule. However, the quality of their presence in these battles was narrated differently by Western historians and in some Iranian sources. This research made an attempt to explain the role of the British and Iranian forces in the battle against the Portuguese based on Iranian traditions. The basic question of this research was how the quality and role of the British and Iranian forces in the battle against the Portuguese was presented in Persian texts. The second question was what the consequences of the British presence in these battles were. It seemed that the role and effectiveness of Iranian forces in liberating Hormuz were much greater than those of the British and the ruler of Fars, while no accurate assessment of the strength and power of the native forces of these areas had been made according to Persian historical texts and especially poems. The role of the British in this battle made them more and more present in the future of the Persian Gulf and gave them privileges and exemptions. So far, some studies have dealt with this issue in a very brief way (Vothoqi and Habibi, 1387, 18). Most of the researches were based on the idea that the British forces freed Hormuz from the Portuguese rule and assigned a very small role of the Iranians in this battle. Like Western historians, many Iranian historians had pointed out the essential role of the British in this battle, which had caused most historians to only retell the western traditions in this matter. Materials and Methods In this research, the mentioned subject was examined by using library sources and an analytical-descriptive method and referring to various sources, especially Persian poems. Using various sources of the Safavid era, the roles of the Iranians and the British in liberating Hormuz from the Portuguese rule were analyzed. Discussion, Results, and Conclusion The Portuguese influence and domination on the coasts of the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman, especially the island of Hormuz, led to their monopoly of trade in these areas, disappearance of free trade, and the increasing militarization of the Persian Gulf. This influence and domination of the Portuguese ended with the cooperation of the Safavid and British forces during the reign of Shah Abbas. The ruler of Persia allied with the British without carefully examining the strength of the indigenous forces on the shores of the Persian Gulf, as well as the strength of the Portuguese forces. Although the British took part in the battle against the Portuguese and the conquest of areas, such as Qeshm and Hormuz islands, their role and presence were very small and insignificant. Western sources had described this presence and role with an exaggeration and given the least attention to the role to the Iranians, while the Arab and non-Arab forces native to the shores and back shores of the Persian Gulf played the main role in the defeat of the Portuguese. However, the low presence of British forces in these battles caused more of them to enter the Persian Gulf. It also led to the conclusion of contracts by the Safavid government with them, in which capitulation could be observed and through which exemptions were granted to them. Upon ending the rule of the rulers of Hormuz, the Safavid rule opened the way to riots and separatism in areas, such as Oman, which were previously ruled by the rulers of Hormuz. The Safavids could consolidate their dominance over these areas with the help of the rulers of Hormuz.

Research Paper

Examining the Changes in the Sheriffs of the Mamasani Javid Tribe in the Qajar Period Based on New Local Documents and Cemetery Petroglyphs

Aref Eshaghi; Ali Akbar jafari

Volume 15, Issue 1 , February 2023, Pages 17-50

https://doi.org/10.22108/jhr.2023.134211.2378

Abstract

Abstract The Javid tribe is one of the four tribes of the Lor Mamasani Union of Fars. This clan lived with Rostam, Dushman Ziyari, and Bekash clans in the northwest of Fars. Their ... Read More Abstract The Javid tribe is one of the four tribes of the Lor Mamasani Union of Fars. This clan lived with Rostam, Dushman Ziyari, and Bekash clans in the northwest of Fars. Their tasks were leadership, cohesion, and support of the public in political and social developments. The management system among them somehow showed the tribe's management style in this union. This system always underwent changes due to reasons, such as the competition for the post of sheriffdom and involvement of central government agents in the selection of sheriffs. Considering the importance of changing the sheriffs of the Javid clan and people’s actions in the mentioned region in the socio-political stances of the Mamasani tribe and the way the events were influenced by their actions, this research aimed to investigate the influence of government officials in the process of changing the sheriffs of the Javid tribe and the people’s reactions. Regarding these governmental changes during the Qajar period, Javid intended to answer this question: which people or families in the post of sheriffdom underwent a rise and fall caused by the change of sheriffs in Javid tribe? The research investigated this issue based on a library method with the help of new documents belonging to some local families and through the comparative study of the gravestones of the families of the management station in this area and interviews with people, who were knowledgeable about the issues of the area. Introduction Throughout history, the tribes and nomadic population of Iran have always been a significant part of Iranian society. Until the middle of the 14th century of Hijri, it included about a quarter of Iran's population. They played an effective role in many political, social, and economic developments. Most of the Iranian governments during the Islamic period were formed by these people. In the contemporary period, tribes have played a major role in political, social, and economic events. The most important reason for this was the tribal military power based on mutual relations between local leaders and common people. In the social structure of tribes, local leaders, Kodkhodayans and Rish Sefids, were the first core of leadership in adopting the strategies and decisions of Ili support. Other classes that played a more social mobilization role in tribal reactions were placed in lower ranks. In this regard, it should be said that when the local leaders moved against the public interests in pursuit of their personal interests, the local social contexts were put in a reactive position and then moved out of the reactive position. Through this collective movement, they adopted a single political behavior based on tribal or regional reaction to achieve cohesion by not following the tribal leaders. The tribal movements of some clans of Mamsani tribe against the Qajar government were a function of such tribal actions. Based on this, the set of conflicts between the governments and the Memsani tribes and tribes caused confrontations with the central government and conflicts between these tribal communities and the policies that the rulers adopted to monitor them. The election of sheriffs in Taifah Javed from among the most influential khans in political, military, economic, and social terms was done by government agents. In fact, the sheriff was the "khan" of the khans and people of every tribe. In Mamsani clans, sheriffs were often appointed. Also, there was no clerical position in this tribe, while its absence was considered a major social political weakness of the tribe system because this structure led to the selection of a single leadership for making the unity and cohesion of the said tribe against external threats and solving problems and disputes within the tribe. Moreover, the security of this province could be ensured. The reason for the absence of the position of Ilkhani in the Mamsani tribe was the policy approach of the Qajar and British governments for leading the collapse of the cohesion and unity of the Mamsani tribe. This disconnection caused overlapping of the language, race, and culture of the Mamseni region with those of the surrounding areas, as well as differences and rivalries within the tribes. Materials and Methods In this study, library, documentary, and field study methods were used to explain changes of the sheriffs of the Mamasani Javid tribe in the Qajar period based on new local documents and cemetery petroglyphs. To this aim, the researchers used private unclassified documents obtained from local informants besides conducting interviews with them. Discussion of Results and Conclusions The results showed that the administration of the Javid clan was centered on Kodkhoda until the time of Baqer Khan during the Zandiya period. The ancestors of the sheriffs of this district had military careers. However, during the Qajar era, the Mamsani clan's police system underwent drastic changes under the influence of such factors as enmity with the central government, intervention of the Bushehri family, and rivalry and conflict with the Qashqai leaders. These changes caused the removal of a large number of sheriffs and dependence of the emerging Khanin. In the Javid tribe, with the murder of Baqir Khan Javidi committed by the people of Javid Leh Leh due to the rebellion against Zandiyeh and possible support of the Qajars, a new generation emerged in the family of the sheriff of this district in the field of sociopolitical developments of the tribe. According to the local documents available to the people of the region and comparison of cemetery petroglyphs, the system of administrative sheriff of the Javid clan changed again to the system of codkhodas with the arrival of Qaid Khosrow and implementation of contracts and management of clan affairs in the hands of Kodkhodas and Rish Sefids later. Of course, the police position of the mentioned family continued its political and social life in a weakened state and was respected by the people. The transfer of properties of Momsani region and Javid clan to Moin al-Tajjar Bushehri and his involvement in the political and social developments of the region caused clan differences, social dissension, and competition of the Kalantari family in the appointment of the director of Ili. These differences led to war, bloodshed, and fratricide in this clan. After the end of the Kadkhodasalary era in the competition of the Khani families to reach power following Shahbazkhani's descendants, the Rostam Khani family entered the managerial position of the clan and Reza Qoli Khan, the son of Azad Khan, was killed in a conspiracy. In the rivalry between the sons of Qaidelhil in the fight between Ismail Khan and Morteza Qoli Khan, this rivalry became more intense. The support of Javid Mahori's Kadkhodas to Morteza Qoli Khan made this conflict and competition more inflamed and finally led to the murder of Morteza Qoli Khan committed by by Ismail Khan. The Qajars repeatedly changed the number of police positions between Ismail Khan and Khan Baba Khan by taking bribes. In Zali Khan's fight with Ismail Khan, these same Qajars once again restored Rostam Khan's descendants to power. As mentioned, the occasional support of the Bushehari family, as well as their discord, led to the split of the Javed clan into two factions, Mahori and Leh. The removal of Iskandar Khan from the circle of power and competition and the leadership of Khalil Khan over the Mahori clan and Fethullah Khan over the Javed Lelah section made the beginning of a social break in the Javid clan. This separation made the future of this clan face a dark horizon when faced with issues, such as British agents, Qajar government agents, and Qashqai leaders.

An analytical assessment of homogeneity in Lor and Kurd tribes

Feraidoun allahyari; Asqar foroghi; Ezatollah Abdolahi Nouruzi

Volume 3, Issue 3 , January 2012, , Pages 1-14

Abstract

Lor tribe is one of the perennial and full-blooded tribes of Iran who are the settlers of expanded areas from west to the extreme southern plains of Zagross Mountains range. The ancient ... Read More

The grounds for Egypt to convert to Islam at the early years of Islam

Firooz Azado; Seied Asghar Mahmod Abadi

Volume 3, Issue 4 , March 2012, , Pages 31-50

Abstract

Egyptians who were tired of Byzantines’ political and cultural dominance did not resist the Arabs invasion. Moreover, governors who were appointed and sent to rule Egypt by the ... Read More

The rule of respect during the Achaemenids and Sassanids dynasties

b Mo`ini Sam

Volume 4, Issue 2 , September 2012, , Pages 99-118

Abstract

In the ancient time`s civilizations, peoples` believes about gods and kings and how to perform rituals and ceremonies were of a special importance. One of the rituals of ancient Middle ... Read More

Ethics and Habits of Iranians in the Eyes of the British Agents during Nasir al-Din Shah Era

Shahab Shahidani; Kobra Mehdinasab

Volume 10, Issue 1 , April 2018, , Pages 153-178

https://doi.org/10.22108/jhr.2017.100466

Abstract

During the Qajar period, Iran was at the forefront of the strategic situation of Russia and the Western powers, especially Britain. Britain, in the Qajar era, through its colonial purposes, ... Read More

The problem of Quarantines in Iran during Naseroldin Shah’s era (1847-1986)

Morteza Dehghannejad; Masoud Kasiri

Volume 2, Issue 4 , February 2011, , Pages 1-14

Abstract

By the end of nineteenth century some countries that had had trade relations with Iran established a quarantine organization in the southern ports. This was due to the spreading of ... Read More

Research Paper

Resistance against the policy of removing the hijab of Reza Shah's government - case study: lack of support of the new middle class of Azerbaijan.

jafar gholipor; gholamali pashazadeh

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 10 January 2023

https://doi.org/10.22108/jhr.2022.134210.2379

Abstract

The present article examines the resistances formed against the policy of removing the hijab during the Reza Shah period and case studies the lack of support of the new middle class ... Read More

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Research Paper

Validation of the report of the wrestling of the Prophet (PBUH) with Rokaneh Ibn Abd Yazid and the miracle of the movement of the tree in the Islamic sources.

seyed mahdi lotfi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 17 January 2023

https://doi.org/10.22108/jhr.2022.134074.2372

Abstract

According to Ibn Ishaq, the Prophet (pbuh) wrestled with a man named Rukana Ibn Abd al-Zayd to invite him to Islam and ordered a tree to come to him and return to his place. Two consecutive ... Read More

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Research Paper

Explaining the Outcomes and Scientific Achievements of the Communications of Isfahan and Neishabour Scientists from the Third to the seventh Half of AH Emphasizing the two sciences of hadith and recitation

maryam parvinian; Asghar Montazeroghaem; aliakbar abasi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 15 February 2023

https://doi.org/10.22108/jhr.2022.134360.2387

Abstract

Scientific interaction in Islamic civilization provided the basis for the growth of scientific centers and various fields of science.As one of the important scientific centers of the ... Read More

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Historical Researches

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Volume 1 (2009)

Rereading the Narrative of “the Liberation of Hormuz” Based on the Historical Text in Persian

Abstract

Examining the Changes in the Sheriffs of the Mamasani Javid Tribe in the Qajar Period Based on New Local Documents and Cemetery Petroglyphs

Abstract

An analytical assessment of homogeneity in Lor and Kurd tribes

Abstract

The grounds for Egypt to convert to Islam at the early years of Islam

Abstract

The rule of respect during the Achaemenids and Sassanids dynasties

Abstract

Ethics and Habits of Iranians in the Eyes of the British Agents during Nasir al-Din Shah Era

Abstract

The problem of Quarantines in Iran during Naseroldin Shah’s era (1847-1986)

Abstract

Resistance against the policy of removing the hijab of Reza Shah's government - case study: lack of support of the new middle class of Azerbaijan.

Abstract

Validation of the report of the wrestling of the Prophet (PBUH) with Rokaneh Ibn Abd Yazid and the miracle of the movement of the tree in the Islamic sources.

Abstract

Explaining the Outcomes and Scientific Achievements of the Communications of Isfahan and Neishabour Scientists from the Third to the seventh Half of AH Emphasizing the two sciences of hadith and recitation

Abstract

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