University of Isfahan Historical Researches 2008-6253 8 4 2016 12 21 The Arabs and their Relations with the Pre-Sasanian Iranian Empires and Characeneâs Commercial Role in the Parthian Period The Arabs and their Relations with the Pre-Sasanian Iranian Empires and Characeneâs Commercial Role in the Parthian Period 1 14 21110 10.22108/jhr.2016.21110 FA Mohammadkarim Yousefjamali A M A S Journal Article 2016 03 04 The Iranian geographical situation and its communicational importance was caused the various nations to connect to it. This is a reason to be called Iran as the accident highway and these occurances connect Iran with Asia. From the political, economic and cultural respect, Iran influenced by the other civilizations and influenced on vice versa. This is to be seen in the various societies up till now. These relations with the Arabs were extensive in the Arasacid period, and the role of the small Arabian kingdoms was considerable. They acted as both a relational bridge and as a fort against the nomadic Arabs and Romans. In this article it is tried to explain the Iranian and Arabian relations and the characene’s role in the Parthian period. The Iranian geographical situation and its communicational importance was caused the various nations to connect to it. This is a reason to be called Iran as the accident highway and these occurances connect Iran with Asia. From the political, economic and cultural respect, Iran influenced by the other civilizations and influenced on vice versa. This is to be seen in the various societies up till now. These relations with the Arabs were extensive in the Arasacid period, and the role of the small Arabian kingdoms was considerable. They acted as both a relational bridge and as a fort against the nomadic Arabs and Romans. In this article it is tried to explain the Iranian and Arabian relations and the characene’s role in the Parthian period.

https://jhr.ui.ac.ir/article_21110_e7972b3876981775490dbc757a90c699.pdf

University of Isfahan Historical Researches 2008-6253 8 4 2016 12 21 Theory and Method in Periodizing Sassanian History Theory and Method in Periodizing Sassanian History 15 36 21106 10.22108/jhr.2016.21106 FA Hossein Badamchi Esmaeil Matloubkari رشت- گلسار- خیابان 120- پلاک 40- طبقه اول Journal Article 2015 10 13 Periodizing Sasanian History (224-651 AD) is an important issue in studying the development and change in this important Iranian dynasty. The essential point in this periodization is a focus on legitimization methods and dominant world view in each segment of its history. The present essay will examine the ways in which Sasanian kingship was legitimized and how can this be used in a periodization of the dynasty. By dividing the Sasanian kingship into two early and late (Kayanid) holy kingships based on different methods of legitimization, and further sub-classifications, one can attempt a new periodization. The single previous study of the subject will be critically examined from a theoretical standpoint and social and economic circumstances will be taken into consideration in proposing a new theory. Periodizing Sasanian History (224-651 AD) is an important issue in studying the development and change in this important Iranian dynasty. The essential point in this periodization is a focus on legitimization methods and dominant world view in each segment of its history. The present essay will examine the ways in which Sasanian kingship was legitimized and how can this be used in a periodization of the dynasty. By dividing the Sasanian kingship into two early and late (Kayanid) holy kingships based on different methods of legitimization, and further sub-classifications, one can attempt a new periodization. The single previous study of the subject will be critically examined from a theoretical standpoint and social and economic circumstances will be taken into consideration in proposing a new theory.

https://jhr.ui.ac.ir/article_21106_7691b9758bbdc0796ea8d57bd6acff29.pdf

University of Isfahan Historical Researches 2008-6253 8 4 2016 12 21 Dry communication roads in the Achaemenid period Dry communication roads in the Achaemenid period 37 58 21112 10.22108/jhr.2016.21112 FA Sahmeddin Khazaee استان لرستان- شهرستان خرم آباد- دانشگاه لرستان- گروه تاریخ Journal Article 2016 03 04 With the formation of the Achaemenid Empire (559-331 BC) large areas with different peoples and traditions were under the command of Iran. Manage these different areas require a lot of Equipped communication roads to facilitate access to all areas of the Empire. Following the stabilization of the internal situation and to achieve this goal, Achaemenid rebuilt the foemer roads and established new ways too.Rivers and straits can be passed on with the construction of temporary and permanent bridges.They are built in this ways numerous stations for the convenience of passengers, where food, water, horses and other facilities provided to passengers because they relieve tired.In this ways military personnels were present to provide traffic safety.The main roads was known as the king's Road, was connected to each other all the capitals and important centers of the Empire.There were many secondary roads that were established connect between the other areas and the main centers. With the formation of the Achaemenid Empire (559-331 BC) large areas with different peoples and traditions were under the command of Iran. Manage these different areas require a lot of Equipped communication roads to facilitate access to all areas of the Empire. Following the stabilization of the internal situation and to achieve this goal, Achaemenid rebuilt the foemer roads and established new ways too.Rivers and straits can be passed on with the construction of temporary and permanent bridges.They are built in this ways numerous stations for the convenience of passengers, where food, water, horses and other facilities provided to passengers because they relieve tired.In this ways military personnels were present to provide traffic safety.The main roads was known as the king's Road, was connected to each other all the capitals and important centers of the Empire.There were many secondary roads that were established connect between the other areas and the main centers.

https://jhr.ui.ac.ir/article_21112_8a3c6a279e989bc97f2c016970bcbb33.pdf

University of Isfahan Historical Researches 2008-6253 8 4 2016 12 21 The nature of Armenian Satrapi revolt during the reign of Darius I The nature of Armenian Satrapi revolt during the reign of Darius I 59 74 21095 10.22108/jhr.2016.21095 FA Alireza Soleymanzadeh زاهدان-دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان-دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی-گروه تاریخ. Journal Article 2016 02 08 <strong>According to the Behistun inscription report, when Darius the Great came to power, revolted different Satrapies of the Persian kingdom. Armenian satrapy revolt was one of such rebellions. Despite Researches have been conducted extensively on the history of the Achaemenid dynasty, they have another basic issues in relation to the revolt of the Armenian Satrapy which has been little studied. This article is based on historical research, relying on Behistun inscription report, intended to study affecting factors in the rise and suppression of the Armenian satrapy revolt. This research also peruse the relationship between the Armenian Satrapy uprising and another territories in the same time. The results of such historical research will be very helpful to understand and explain different aspects of nature of the Armenian satrapy rebelion.</strong> <strong>According to the Behistun inscription report, when Darius the Great came to power, revolted different Satrapies of the Persian kingdom. Armenian satrapy revolt was one of such rebellions. Despite Researches have been conducted extensively on the history of the Achaemenid dynasty, they have another basic issues in relation to the revolt of the Armenian Satrapy which has been little studied. This article is based on historical research, relying on Behistun inscription report, intended to study affecting factors in the rise and suppression of the Armenian satrapy revolt. This research also peruse the relationship between the Armenian Satrapy uprising and another territories in the same time. The results of such historical research will be very helpful to understand and explain different aspects of nature of the Armenian satrapy rebelion.</strong>

https://jhr.ui.ac.ir/article_21095_d94cd96528cae9796686ffa19263ce57.pdf

University of Isfahan Historical Researches 2008-6253 8 4 2016 12 21 The extent of “Determinism” and “Free Will” concepts in Pahlavi texts and their relations with human’s role in history Mazdayasna thoughts The extent of “Determinism” and “Free Will” concepts in Pahlavi texts and their relations with human’s role in history Mazdayasna thoughts 75 98 21096 10.22108/jhr.2016.21096 FA Esmaeil Sangari Alireza Karbasi Erfaneh Khosravi Journal Article 2016 05 11 Mazdayana’s thought, like other religious and philosophical schools, has considered a very special place for the topics of “Determinism” and “Free Will”. By studying ancient texts like Rig Veda, Avesta and Pahlavi texts, three types of thoughts can be traced in rise of Mazdayasna viewpoint about the role of human’s free will in history. Firstly, the role of the goddesses and gods in human behaviors and deeds, which was undoubtedly influenced by the ideas before Zoroaster and their comprehensive presence that would restricts human’s free will. Secondly is Zoroaster’s viewpoint in which human’s free will is glorified and recognized. Thirdly, is the role of the other nations’ thoughts and ideas that the most important ones were astronomic views, Babylonian astronomy and Gnostic teachings. Mazdayasna was influenced by a collection of reflective factors. From Mazayasna’s point of view, neither a comprehensive determinism nor an absolute free will are involved in human’s destiny. In these texts, it has been tried to reconcile these two trends of thoughts: Therefore, worldly affairs have been attributed to determinism and destiny and unworldly affairs have been attributed to human’s free will and works. From Mazayasna’s point of view, neither a comprehensive determinism nor an absolute free will were involved in human’s destiny. In these texts, it is tried to reconcile these two trends of thoughts: Therefore, worldly affairs have been attributed to determinism and destiny, on the other hand, unworldly affairs have been attributed to human’s free will and works. Mazdayana’s thought, like other religious and philosophical schools, has considered a very special place for the topics of “Determinism” and “Free Will”. By studying ancient texts like Rig Veda, Avesta and Pahlavi texts, three types of thoughts can be traced in rise of Mazdayasna viewpoint about the role of human’s free will in history. Firstly, the role of the goddesses and gods in human behaviors and deeds, which was undoubtedly influenced by the ideas before Zoroaster and their comprehensive presence that would restricts human’s free will. Secondly is Zoroaster’s viewpoint in which human’s free will is glorified and recognized. Thirdly, is the role of the other nations’ thoughts and ideas that the most important ones were astronomic views, Babylonian astronomy and Gnostic teachings. Mazdayasna was influenced by a collection of reflective factors. From Mazayasna’s point of view, neither a comprehensive determinism nor an absolute free will are involved in human’s destiny. In these texts, it has been tried to reconcile these two trends of thoughts: Therefore, worldly affairs have been attributed to determinism and destiny and unworldly affairs have been attributed to human’s free will and works. From Mazayasna’s point of view, neither a comprehensive determinism nor an absolute free will were involved in human’s destiny. In these texts, it is tried to reconcile these two trends of thoughts: Therefore, worldly affairs have been attributed to determinism and destiny, on the other hand, unworldly affairs have been attributed to human’s free will and works.

https://jhr.ui.ac.ir/article_21096_20786cc8ac93e785fa515a65f54efd12.pdf

University of Isfahan Historical Researches 2008-6253 8 4 2016 12 21 The Effect of the Sasanian-Byzantine Wars (A.D. 603-628) on the Collapse of Sasanian Empire The Effect of the Sasanian-Byzantine Wars (A.D. 603-628) on the Collapse of Sasanian Empire 99 110 21109 10.22108/jhr.2016.21109 FA Mehrdad Ghodrat Dizaji ارومیه - خ صدا و سیما - دانشکده ادبیات - گروه تاریخ Journal Article 2014 12 20 Sasanian Empire in the early 7th century AD, due to long years of wars with Byzantine Empire (603-626 AD) and its later defeat, lost its military and defensive strength, and went through a political crisis. Before this time, based on numismatic studies, it was revealed that following this defeat, only some provinces of the empire minted coins in the name of the Sasanian emperors, and it shows that other provinces were out of Sasanian’s control. Furthermore, literary sources have illustrated that Arab regions of the Sasanian Empire, after Sasanian’s defeat from Byzantine were out of Sasanian’s rule. The author, in this article has showed that according to archeological and numismatic evidence, Azerbaijan province which was the scene of Sasanian-Byzantine battlefield, received the most damages, and since about 623 AD was out of Sasanian’s control. The fall of the Sasanian hegemony in the provinces, was undoubtedly an important factor in weakening of Sasanian military and financial power and consequently contributed considerably to its defeat by Arab Muslims. This factor had also a significant role in Arabs’ penetration in the provinces which were out of Sasanian rule Sasanian Empire in the early 7th century AD, due to long years of wars with Byzantine Empire (603-626 AD) and its later defeat, lost its military and defensive strength, and went through a political crisis. Before this time, based on numismatic studies, it was revealed that following this defeat, only some provinces of the empire minted coins in the name of the Sasanian emperors, and it shows that other provinces were out of Sasanian’s control. Furthermore, literary sources have illustrated that Arab regions of the Sasanian Empire, after Sasanian’s defeat from Byzantine were out of Sasanian’s rule. The author, in this article has showed that according to archeological and numismatic evidence, Azerbaijan province which was the scene of Sasanian-Byzantine battlefield, received the most damages, and since about 623 AD was out of Sasanian’s control. The fall of the Sasanian hegemony in the provinces, was undoubtedly an important factor in weakening of Sasanian military and financial power and consequently contributed considerably to its defeat by Arab Muslims. This factor had also a significant role in Arabs’ penetration in the provinces which were out of Sasanian rule

https://jhr.ui.ac.ir/article_21109_3caf3b6b0c27b0864a86d01f49465e16.pdf

University of Isfahan Historical Researches 2008-6253 8 4 2016 12 21 Mithra and the Arrangement of Geographical Lists in the Achaemenid and Sasanid Inscriptions Mithra and the Arrangement of Geographical Lists in the Achaemenid and Sasanid Inscriptions 111 130 21283 10.22108/jhr.2016.21283 FA Nazanin Tamari Journal Article 2015 06 11 The division of the world is one of the issues that began with the social life of human in all over the world and still continues. The oldest division has mythical and legendary aspects that shows the geographical knowledge or religious and ethnic beliefs of their predecessors. Various geographical divisions can be seen in the ancient Iranians tradition. Each of these divisions follow the specific arrangement of listing the geographical areas, which discussed in this paper. The arrangement of geographical areas in Achaemenid and Sasanin inscriptions and in the Mihr Ya&scaront, the oldest of Avesta, are the same. Because of this similarity canât be accidental, in this paper the cause of the similarities has been investigated. The arrangement of geographical areas in two lists ( inscriptions and Mihr Ya&scaront ) shows clockwise (sunwise) fashion, that investigated in religious view in this study. Due to the Mithraâs influence on cultural and religious context of the ancient Iranians, for the first time in present paper investigated the role of this god and his influence on the writing the geographical lists in the Achaemenid and Sasanin inscriptions. The division of the world is one of the issues that began with the social life of human in all over the world and still continues. The oldest division has mythical and legendary aspects that shows the geographical knowledge or religious and ethnic beliefs of their predecessors. Various geographical divisions can be seen in the ancient Iranians tradition. Each of these divisions follow the specific arrangement of listing the geographical areas, which discussed in this paper. The arrangement of geographical areas in Achaemenid and Sasanin inscriptions and in the Mihr Ya&scaront, the oldest of Avesta, are the same. Because of this similarity canât be accidental, in this paper the cause of the similarities has been investigated. The arrangement of geographical areas in two lists ( inscriptions and Mihr Ya&scaront ) shows clockwise (sunwise) fashion, that investigated in religious view in this study. Due to the Mithraâs influence on cultural and religious context of the ancient Iranians, for the first time in present paper investigated the role of this god and his influence on the writing the geographical lists in the Achaemenid and Sasanin inscriptions.

https://jhr.ui.ac.ir/article_21283_a77298d74c3314822120d8a8460ea45c.pdf