University of IsfahanHistorical Researches2008-62535420140220016621FAJournal Article20160614https://jhr.ui.ac.ir/article_16621_45e6561caa7ed36d9a0d0769df2df2bb.pdfUniversity of IsfahanHistorical Researches2008-62535420140220Teimurtash and Bahrain (1927-1934)Teimurtash and Bahrain (1927-1934)12216614FAMaSheykh NooriFaculty Member in History, Al-Zahra University.AKhosraviPh.D. Candidate in History, Payam-e-Noor UniversityJournal Article20131215The study of political efforts by Iranian authorities to prove Iranian sovereignty over Bahrain is prominent evidence that reveals those who devoted their properties and lives to develop this land. Teimurtash was a political figure, minister of the court, during Pahlavi era. From 1927 to 1934, as the special representative of Reza Shah, Teimur being a veteran diplomat got involved in a mission to prove the authority over islands and ports in Persian Gulf. In order to achieve this goal, he started a conflict with Britain. His proposing the problem Iran had with Bahrain didn`t lead to any conclusion, but what he did to trade with Britain over Bahrain had a distinctive role in the international and regional policy during the second Pahlavi era. The present article utilizing a descriptive-analytical approach and taking advantage of historic documents is to answer the question: “what documentation were Teimurtash actions in the conflict between Iran and Britain over Bahrain based on?”The study of political efforts by Iranian authorities to prove Iranian sovereignty over Bahrain is prominent evidence that reveals those who devoted their properties and lives to develop this land. Teimurtash was a political figure, minister of the court, during Pahlavi era. From 1927 to 1934, as the special representative of Reza Shah, Teimur being a veteran diplomat got involved in a mission to prove the authority over islands and ports in Persian Gulf. In order to achieve this goal, he started a conflict with Britain. His proposing the problem Iran had with Bahrain didn`t lead to any conclusion, but what he did to trade with Britain over Bahrain had a distinctive role in the international and regional policy during the second Pahlavi era. The present article utilizing a descriptive-analytical approach and taking advantage of historic documents is to answer the question: “what documentation were Teimurtash actions in the conflict between Iran and Britain over Bahrain based on?”https://jhr.ui.ac.ir/article_16614_ec2d762196bcaf2a851a2c5fdc2a600a.pdfUniversity of IsfahanHistorical Researches2008-62535420140220Komijian and their role in political developments in TransoxianaKomijian and their role in political developments in Transoxiana233816615FAMRahmatiAssociate Professor in History, Lorestan University.Journal Article20130815Komijian residents of the mountainous areas around the source of the Oxus used to live near Khatlan and Chaghanian. They were the survivors of Iranian ethnic tribes in that area. They were not involved in social developments in the first centuries after Hegira since they resisted Islam. But, in the 11<sup>th</sup> century on, after converting to Islam, they were excluded from isolation and plaid roles in political activities. It coincided with the time Turkish tribes and figures had authorities in Ghaznavi, Gharakhanid and Saljuq governments and were in charge of Islamic affairs. The present article aims at questioning the information available and revealing the role of Komijian in political developments in Transoxiana and Khorasan while introducing them. The article, taking advantage of a descriptive-analytical method, indicates that from 11<sup>th</sup> century Komijian tribes were gradually being influenced by Islam through business and cultural interactions, then, performed an active role in political changes like Abu Ali Choghani`s rebellion, and political and military conflicts in the area. In the early 12<sup>th</sup> century, they had military cooperation in Ghaznavi and Gharakhani conflicts, the formation of Saljuq government and the division of Gharakhni government.Komijian residents of the mountainous areas around the source of the Oxus used to live near Khatlan and Chaghanian. They were the survivors of Iranian ethnic tribes in that area. They were not involved in social developments in the first centuries after Hegira since they resisted Islam. But, in the 11<sup>th</sup> century on, after converting to Islam, they were excluded from isolation and plaid roles in political activities. It coincided with the time Turkish tribes and figures had authorities in Ghaznavi, Gharakhanid and Saljuq governments and were in charge of Islamic affairs. The present article aims at questioning the information available and revealing the role of Komijian in political developments in Transoxiana and Khorasan while introducing them. The article, taking advantage of a descriptive-analytical method, indicates that from 11<sup>th</sup> century Komijian tribes were gradually being influenced by Islam through business and cultural interactions, then, performed an active role in political changes like Abu Ali Choghani`s rebellion, and political and military conflicts in the area. In the early 12<sup>th</sup> century, they had military cooperation in Ghaznavi and Gharakhani conflicts, the formation of Saljuq government and the division of Gharakhni government.https://jhr.ui.ac.ir/article_16615_f540cc9a85d34b8680b9ad4f2c9c9122.pdfUniversity of IsfahanHistorical Researches2008-62535420140220Role and status of woman among Bakhtiari people during Qajar dynasty
(1796-1925)Role and status of woman among Bakhtiari people during Qajar dynasty
(1796-1925)395416616FAAKajbafAssociate Professor in History, Isfahan UniversityFAllahyariAssociate Professor in History, Isfahan UniversitySBakhtiariM.A. student in the History of Islamic Iran, Isfahan University.Journal Article20121210From the beginning of Qajar dynasty, a great number of explorers were attracted to Bakhtiari territory. They could present a lot of unparalleled information on their nomadic life, marriage customs, local diseases, women`s and men`s clothes, and other aspects of their social life. Position and status of Woman is one of the notions that has drawn European explorers` attention; they have not only described women`s position in Bakhtiari society but also compared them both with rural and urban women in Iran and women in Europe. The explorers introduced the women as the spinal cord of the tribe and the core of any effort. They also believe that such women have the advantages that any free-spirited woman wishes to have. In the social structure of the tribe, fifty percent of the population includes women and women play a significant role in the stability and strength of family and tribe. The article has investigated the matter taking advantage of a descriptive-analytical method and printed sources. The objective here is to study the social, political, and economic position of Woman between Bakhtiari People and the special perspective toward the women in the reports of the explorers during Qajar dynasty.From the beginning of Qajar dynasty, a great number of explorers were attracted to Bakhtiari territory. They could present a lot of unparalleled information on their nomadic life, marriage customs, local diseases, women`s and men`s clothes, and other aspects of their social life. Position and status of Woman is one of the notions that has drawn European explorers` attention; they have not only described women`s position in Bakhtiari society but also compared them both with rural and urban women in Iran and women in Europe. The explorers introduced the women as the spinal cord of the tribe and the core of any effort. They also believe that such women have the advantages that any free-spirited woman wishes to have. In the social structure of the tribe, fifty percent of the population includes women and women play a significant role in the stability and strength of family and tribe. The article has investigated the matter taking advantage of a descriptive-analytical method and printed sources. The objective here is to study the social, political, and economic position of Woman between Bakhtiari People and the special perspective toward the women in the reports of the explorers during Qajar dynasty.https://jhr.ui.ac.ir/article_16616_e0cff09b7a7e7f091e51179f3903d4e3.pdfUniversity of IsfahanHistorical Researches2008-62535420140220Role and status of Jaberi Family in Safavid bureaucracy, focusing on Mirza Salman Khan Jaberi (1577-1625)Role and status of Jaberi Family in Safavid bureaucracy, focusing on Mirza Salman Khan Jaberi (1577-1625)556816617FAAJafariAssistant Professor in History, Isfahan UniversityHRa`is Al-SadatAssistant professor in History, Birjand UniversitySSajadi JaziM.A Student in History, Birjand University.Journal Article20121210Formation of various governments and their duration in the history of Islamic Iran were dependent on different factors mainly administration and bureaucracy. The formation of Safavid government made Iranian have a role in administration and bureaucracy one more time. Following that, new families entered the court and showed eye-catching merits and talents; among them was Jaberi family. Some Jaberis could take important responsibilities in Safavid courts. One of their most significant figures was Mirza Salman Khan Jaberi Ansari. Focusing on his role, the present article is to reveal what role and position jaberi family had in Safavid administration and bureaucracy. To answer the previously mentioned question, the hypothesis that Jaberi family gained significant positions and responsibilities in Safavid court and could manage the administration and the realm of Safavid has been tested by a descriptive-analytical method. The results of the study have not only proved the hypothesis but also revealed exact information on how Mirza Salman Khan entered the Safavid court and acted there and why he failed. It is also mentioned that Jaberis had various responsibilities till the end of Safavid dynasty even after Mirza Salman Khan was killed.Formation of various governments and their duration in the history of Islamic Iran were dependent on different factors mainly administration and bureaucracy. The formation of Safavid government made Iranian have a role in administration and bureaucracy one more time. Following that, new families entered the court and showed eye-catching merits and talents; among them was Jaberi family. Some Jaberis could take important responsibilities in Safavid courts. One of their most significant figures was Mirza Salman Khan Jaberi Ansari. Focusing on his role, the present article is to reveal what role and position jaberi family had in Safavid administration and bureaucracy. To answer the previously mentioned question, the hypothesis that Jaberi family gained significant positions and responsibilities in Safavid court and could manage the administration and the realm of Safavid has been tested by a descriptive-analytical method. The results of the study have not only proved the hypothesis but also revealed exact information on how Mirza Salman Khan entered the Safavid court and acted there and why he failed. It is also mentioned that Jaberis had various responsibilities till the end of Safavid dynasty even after Mirza Salman Khan was killed.https://jhr.ui.ac.ir/article_16617_dd87b231859515e15264578917c98b2c.pdfUniversity of IsfahanHistorical Researches2008-62535420140220Figuring out the reasons for economic reforms of Nasr ibn Sayar in Khorasan And the failure of his reformsFiguring out the reasons for economic reforms of Nasr ibn Sayar in Khorasan And the failure of his reforms698216618FAZMohammadiAssistant Professor in History, Imam Khomeini International UniversityMMohammadpourM.A. Graduate in The History of Islam and Instructor in Oj Institute of Higher Education.Journal Article20131222At the end of Omayyad dynasty, Khorasan witnessed opponents’ uprisings against Omayyad. Opponents took advantage of Khorasani settlers dissatisfaction of economic policies of the rulers and undermined the foundation of the regime advertising and acting against it. Thus, Omayyad tactful ruler, Hesham ibn Abd al-Malek appointed Nasr ibn Sayar, one of the wise and loyal men to his rule, as the ruler of Khorasan. Nasr being aware of the crisis in Khorasan, to avoid the risk of Omayyad`s failure, started economic reforms in the area. But, his reforms were unsuccessful because of different reasons. In this article at least two main questions are answered: first, what were the economic reforms?, and how were they applied that dissatisfied people and caused uprising?, second, what were the reasons for their failure? <br />Here, while using a descriptive-analytical method and printed sources, we investigate Nasr ibn Sayar`s personality and answer the previously mentioned questions. <br /> At the end of Omayyad dynasty, Khorasan witnessed opponents’ uprisings against Omayyad. Opponents took advantage of Khorasani settlers dissatisfaction of economic policies of the rulers and undermined the foundation of the regime advertising and acting against it. Thus, Omayyad tactful ruler, Hesham ibn Abd al-Malek appointed Nasr ibn Sayar, one of the wise and loyal men to his rule, as the ruler of Khorasan. Nasr being aware of the crisis in Khorasan, to avoid the risk of Omayyad`s failure, started economic reforms in the area. But, his reforms were unsuccessful because of different reasons. In this article at least two main questions are answered: first, what were the economic reforms?, and how were they applied that dissatisfied people and caused uprising?, second, what were the reasons for their failure? <br />Here, while using a descriptive-analytical method and printed sources, we investigate Nasr ibn Sayar`s personality and answer the previously mentioned questions. <br /> https://jhr.ui.ac.ir/article_16618_37f78ca0ef630cebee9dfa186aafc6a1.pdfUniversity of IsfahanHistorical Researches2008-62535420140220The relation between law, rights, limitations, and freedom to Mirza Ismail Dordi IsfahaniThe relation between law, rights, limitations, and freedom to Mirza Ismail Dordi Isfahani8310416619FAGhMansurbakhtAssistant Professor in History, Shahid Beheshti UniversityMFarajiPh.D. Candidate in the History of Iran in Islamic Era, Shahid Beheshti UniversityJournal Article20140107After the heavy consequences of the battles between Iran and Russia, revisions and reforms of the body of Qajar government were started. Along with that, open-minded ideas formed among them after Iranian became familiar with new western civilizations and compared Iran with developed European countries. First, a group of Iranian scholars dwelling in India informed people of the civilizations in their works after getting to know British sources. The objective in this article is the critical and open-minded ideas of Mirza Ismail Dordi Isfahani, one of the Iranian scholars living in India. The article aims at analyzing the discourse of Mirza Ismail to clarify what his understanding of the concepts “law”, “rights”, “limitations”, and “freedoms” is and what kind of relation the concepts have to him. The findings of this article reveal that Mirza Ismail considered the political and official condition of Iran after he had become familiar with the new western civilizations and concluded that Iran could develop under the reign of law. According to his hyposesis, the powers of the ruler are limited and people`s rights are determined on the basis of law. He believes that freedoms based on law and cultural and national regulations are not harmful but beneficial since they lead to unity and development of governments and societies. After the heavy consequences of the battles between Iran and Russia, revisions and reforms of the body of Qajar government were started. Along with that, open-minded ideas formed among them after Iranian became familiar with new western civilizations and compared Iran with developed European countries. First, a group of Iranian scholars dwelling in India informed people of the civilizations in their works after getting to know British sources. The objective in this article is the critical and open-minded ideas of Mirza Ismail Dordi Isfahani, one of the Iranian scholars living in India. The article aims at analyzing the discourse of Mirza Ismail to clarify what his understanding of the concepts “law”, “rights”, “limitations”, and “freedoms” is and what kind of relation the concepts have to him. The findings of this article reveal that Mirza Ismail considered the political and official condition of Iran after he had become familiar with the new western civilizations and concluded that Iran could develop under the reign of law. According to his hyposesis, the powers of the ruler are limited and people`s rights are determined on the basis of law. He believes that freedoms based on law and cultural and national regulations are not harmful but beneficial since they lead to unity and development of governments and societies. https://jhr.ui.ac.ir/article_16619_c4564b75c008320e8aaab1cd3ad01c46.pdfUniversity of IsfahanHistorical Researches2008-62535420140220The study of Mohammad and Masoud Ghaznavid`s political regime in literary-historical works based on Likert`s hypothesis (997-1041)The study of Mohammad and Masoud Ghaznavid`s political regime in literary-historical works based on Likert`s hypothesis (997-1041)10512416620FABOveysiM.A Graduate in Persian Language and Literature, Ilam UniversityBRostamiM.A Graduate in Sociology, Ilam University.SYariAssistant Professor in History, Ilam UniversityJournal Article20130219Iranian political regimes during Islamic period were the reproduction of the political regimes before Islam. Ghaznavid was the only Turkish government that unlike many Iranian governments, the way they seized power was not on tribal basis. Ghaznavid rulers were not the head of any tribes but warriors who could gain different military categories putting their efforts and had the nature of militarism and authoritarianism in them. The present article seeks to investigate the two levels (structural and environmental) of Ghaznavid government, based on Likert`s Hypothesis and according to the prominent literary-historical works of the period, Beihaghi history and poetical works of three courtier poets Onsori, Farrokhi, and Manuchehri. On the Linkert`s structural level the way ruling system cooporates, concentrates and does not concentrate, and on the environmental level, the value system and the quality of its effect on Ghaznavids` leadership method are specified. Ghaznavid gave holiness to their government justified their crimes by promoting the divine value system and assigning their sovereignty to the Prophet (PBUH) through the ruler of Baghdad. This way, they created a dictatorial regime which was highly focused; that is, the rulers were the only figures who could decide. Thus, the first system proposed by Linkert, authoritarian style, ruled there. <br /> <br /> Iranian political regimes during Islamic period were the reproduction of the political regimes before Islam. Ghaznavid was the only Turkish government that unlike many Iranian governments, the way they seized power was not on tribal basis. Ghaznavid rulers were not the head of any tribes but warriors who could gain different military categories putting their efforts and had the nature of militarism and authoritarianism in them. The present article seeks to investigate the two levels (structural and environmental) of Ghaznavid government, based on Likert`s Hypothesis and according to the prominent literary-historical works of the period, Beihaghi history and poetical works of three courtier poets Onsori, Farrokhi, and Manuchehri. On the Linkert`s structural level the way ruling system cooporates, concentrates and does not concentrate, and on the environmental level, the value system and the quality of its effect on Ghaznavids` leadership method are specified. Ghaznavid gave holiness to their government justified their crimes by promoting the divine value system and assigning their sovereignty to the Prophet (PBUH) through the ruler of Baghdad. This way, they created a dictatorial regime which was highly focused; that is, the rulers were the only figures who could decide. Thus, the first system proposed by Linkert, authoritarian style, ruled there. <br /> <br /> https://jhr.ui.ac.ir/article_16620_445ad3161eecb6ea2b5cbb97c3a7e771.pdf